Learn Protein Synthesis visually with interactive simulations. Explore Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation, and Post-translational Modifications with step-by-step animations and real data examples.
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells create proteins, essential macromolecules that perform virtually all cellular functions. This process involves two major stages: transcription and translation.
During transcription, the genetic information stored in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). During translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes to synthesize proteins by linking amino acids in the correct sequence.
Understanding protein synthesis is crucial for medical research, drug development, and treating genetic disorders.
Protein synthesis enables genetic engineering, fermentation processes, and development of bio-based products.
Interactive visualizations of key protein synthesis processes
Explore how RNA polymerase reads DNA to create mRNA transcripts.
Transcription Efficiency: 0% | mRNA Length: 0 nucleotides | Elongation Rate: 0 nt/sec
Visualize mRNA modifications including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
Processing Efficiency: 0% | Mature mRNA Length: 0 nucleotides | Splice Sites: 0
Observe ribosomes reading mRNA to synthesize proteins with tRNA molecules.
Translation Rate: 0 amino acids/sec | Protein Length: 0 amino acids | Accuracy: 0%
See how newly synthesized proteins fold into their functional 3D structures.
Folding Progress: 0% | Stability Score: 0 | Functional Domains: 0
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Calculate protein synthesis parameters and rates
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Enter amino acid sequence and click analyze
Understanding how protein synthesis relates to other fundamental biological mechanisms:
While DNA replication duplicates genetic material, protein synthesis uses that information to create functional molecules. Both processes involve polymerases but differ in template (DNA vs mRNA) and product (DNA vs protein).
Protein synthesis produces the enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions. Metabolism provides the energy (ATP/GTP) and building blocks (amino acids) required for protein synthesis, creating an interdependent relationship.
Protein synthesis is the final step in gene expression, but is tightly regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translational control to ensure proper protein levels.
Protein synthesis creates new proteins while protein degradation removes old or damaged ones. The balance between these processes determines protein levels and cellular function. Ubiquitin-proteasome system targets specific proteins for degradation.