Understanding Temperature and Heat
Temperature and heat are fundamental concepts in thermodynamics that are often confused but represent distinctly different phenomena. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference.
Q = mcΔT
Q
Heat Energy
m
Mass
c
Specific Heat
ΔT
Temperature Change
The three temperature scales commonly used are Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). The Kelvin scale is the absolute temperature scale used in scientific calculations, with 0 K representing absolute zero where molecular motion theoretically stops.
Concept Explorer
Interactive Heat Transfer Simulation
Heat Transfer Visualization
Adjust parameters to see heat transfer v57
Heat Transfer v57
Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact between particles in solids:
Q/t = kA(ΔT/L)
Convection
Heat transfer through fluid motion (liquids or gases):
Q/t = hA(ΔT)
Radiation
Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (no medium required):
Q/t = εσA(T⁴ - T₀⁴)
Heat Transfer Comparison
Real-World Applications
Building Insulation
Thermal insulation materials reduce heat transfer through walls, windows, and roofs. Understanding conduction helps in selecting appropriate insulation materials with low thermal g0h.
HVAC Systems
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems utilize all three heat transfer v57. Radiators use convection, ducts use forced convection, and heat exchangers optimize conduction.
Solar Panels
Solar panels absorb radiant energy from the sun and convert it to electrical energy. Understanding radiation helps optimize panel orientation and materials for maximum energy absorption.